The Atomic Bomb Of World War II - 1217 Words

â€Å"The atom bomb was no â€Å"Great Decision.† It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness† said Harry S. Truman. The atomic bomb is considered a weapon of mass destruction because of the insurmountable damage and causalities such attack can cause. The United States resorted to the creation of such incredible weapon as a means to annihilate or alter the Axis powers. However, this all began due to the September 1, 1939, German attack to Poland and the Pearl Harbor bombings by Japan. These actions by the Axis powers would result in one of the deadliest global wars in human history. World War II involved the vast majority of the world’s nations. An estimated 50 million to 85 million died in the events that occurred in World War II. The origin and development of the atomic bomb during World War II changed forever the direction of the war and posed the United States as a champion in military strategies; this endeavor also known as the Man hattan Project served as catalyst in WWII. During this time, the world’s most intelligent scientists discovered that German physicists were learning to produce a bomb that could cause immense destruction. The fear of such a bomb led scientists Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi to inform President Franklin D. Roosevelt of Germany’s plans. Renowned scientist, Albert Einstein had fled Nazi persecution and was by then living in the United States; he delivered a letter to President Roosevelt on October 11, 1939. In the letter,Show MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb On The World War II887 Words   |  4 Pagesdrop two atomic bombs days apart in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I completely agree with President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb on the two Japanese cities because I believe it is the main reason that ended World War II. Being from Malaysia, my grandparents often told me stories of their sufferings during World War II. As Singapore’ s former Prime Minister concurred, the Japanese soldiers were mean, brutal and vicious towards the civilians, and if the atomic bombs were notRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of World War II2140 Words   |  9 PagesWith the start of World War II the race for the first atomic bomb started. With Germany under Hitler’s reign, the Nazis began separating uranium to form the first atomic bomb to control the world. The push for the United States build the first atomic bomb began with this knowledge. With the help of several scientists the United States succeeded in building the atomic bomb first. Two atomic bombs were used; a uranium bomb on Hiroshima and a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki. Along with the many deaths wereRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb During World War II Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6, 1945 an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The bomb had an unprecedented explosion that wiped out over 90 percent of the city killing over 80,000 people; and thousands more would die later due to radiation. Three days later, as the Japanese were mourning for the dead; a second B-29 dropped another bomb killing over 40,000 people. Soon after the devastating blow, the Emperor of Japan announced the country’s unconditional surrenderRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb During World War II1924 Words   |  8 PagesDuring World War II, Japan refused to surrender to the Allied Powers due to the fact that the fate of their leader, Michinomiya Hirohito, was uncertain. The United States wanted to end the war quickly and prevent lives being taken because of an invasion of Japan. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb with the Manhattan Project. President Truman’s order to drop the atomic bomb on Japan ended the war. However, using the atomic bomb resulted in conflicts such as the Cold War, and present day problemsRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Japan World War II2234 Words   |  9 PagesWas it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. On August 9, 1945 only three days later, the second atomic bomb was dropped over Nagasaki resulting in anRead MoreAtomic Bomb in World War II681 Words   |  3 PagesThe end of World War Two in Europe, or V-E day made two things very clear. First, that America showed itself as a world power, and the second was that Russia had no intentions of leaving the land it had taken on its way to Berlin. With the war in the pacific still ongoing, the Americans had to turn its focus to the war on the islands and deal with Russia afterwards. Eventually in July of 1945, an end to the pacific theater of war came (V-J day) with the dropping of the two atomic bombs, little boyRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On The World War II1437 Words   |  6 Pageslives. Three days later, a B-2 bomber dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese city Hiroshima, ending World War 2 and beginning a new era of warfare. In the following decades, open warfare between nations possessing atomic technology became impossible and a political rift opened between nuclear and non-nuclear nations. In the late 1930s, global tensions crystallized into war and a quest for a new super-weapon quietly began around in the world in numerous, underfunded laboratories. As Europe crumbledRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs As A Weapon During World War II1311 Words   |  6 Pagesto use the atomic bombs as a weapon during World War II. The atomic bomb was used in order to shorten the war and save thousands of lives. However, in reality the bombs killed thousands of innocent Japanese civilians and had unfathomable repercussions for generations to come. When the value of lives is called into question, people can be swayed by the forces of loss aversion and diagnosis bias to justify their decision. When the United States created the atomic bombs during World War II, AmericanRead MoreDid The Atomic Bomb Be End World War II?1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrop the Atomic Bomb to End World War II? Inventions have been accomplished due to the vast technology that is in place. Technology has led to the advancement of warfare in most parts of the world. The same technology has resulted in inventions that range from gunpowder to the atom that is splitting the environments across the borders. These inventions have led to some countries being able to leap over other weaker countries when it comes to war. Among all these inventions, the atomic bomb stands outRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb During World War II760 Words   |  4 PagesBurnett 5/12/16 Justification of the Atomic Bomb Thesis: The dropping of the atomic bomb during World War II by the United States on Japan was a justified act. Not only was the dropping of the atomic bomb used to save American lives, but it prevented the war from lingering on, taking the lives of more civilians. The bomb did not just make sense, but it saved lives, despite taking some, therefore making the atomic bomb a reasonable action. It is not war mentality to think of preserving the

The Representation of Females in the Media Essay - 2715 Words

The Representation of Females in the Media It is generally accepted that the media, primarily television, lags behind reality and current social trends (Butler and Paisley, 1980) (Gunter, Television and Sex Role Stereotyping). However, This does not make the way women are portrayed in the media any better. Women are not only under-represented in the media but more importantly are portrayed to be half clad, half witted and needing to be rescued by quick thinking fully clothed men (Stereotypes, Adelson 1990). Women are most commonly portrayed as sexual objects and housewives; whose lives revolve around landing the right man. When women are in the news, their role is often trivialized. World†¦show more content†¦The media uses stereotypes in order to relate to audiences. However, gender based stereotypes towards women in the media should be changed, but how? When the media changes perhaps the stereotypes of women in real life will also begin to alterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ According to Gunter stereotyping can be divided into sex role stereotyping and sex trait stereotyping. Sex role stereotyping of a female is, for example, the beliefs held about the value of the family and the role of a woman in society. This sex role of women has changed in society in recent years with many women taking part in activities outside the home such as careers. Women are also tending to delay motherhood until later in life and are having fewer children if indeed they choose to have any. In reality however, these changes have not been reflected in the media. An example of this is the way many TV programs portray a womans role as having to please men. Sex trait stereotyping are stereotypes about a womans characteristics and personality traits (Gunter, Television and Sex Role Stereotyping, 1986). For example, the media portrays women to be very emotional, delicate and dependent. This sex trait stereotyping can have very damaging effects on society, as whether we like it or not, the media influences the way many people think and dictates to them what they should think.Show MoreRelatedMedia Representation Of Male And Female Magazine2566 Words   |  11 Pageswho their readers are however men and woman publications are becoming stereotypical orientated by the media in the use of advertising and editorials. Mainstream media representation plays a role in reinforcing ideas of genders in magazines. Inclusion of controversial male and female magazine this essay will look at who are these publications reflecting and why are they constructed by the media.  §Men’s Magazine reflects the characteristic of a heterosexual male character that is self-controllingRead MoreRepresentation Of The Female Body Image And The Mass Media1586 Words   |  7 PagesREPRESENTATION OF HOW WOMEN PROMOTE EXCERSISE IN NEW ZEALAND MEDIA AND HOW IT AFFECTS FEMALES Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty Standard Representation of women in the media can change the way that the people of New Zealander’s think of themselves. Media has a powerful ability to reach many people and to influence and direct attitudes of our country’s behaviours and knowledge. - Magazines (the representation of kiwi identity they create)Read MoreEvaluating The Medias Representations Of Science And Technology With Focus On Female Scientists3502 Words   |  15 Pagescritically evaluating the medias representations of science and technology with focus on female scientists in Film. In order to set the scene for my case study it’s important to discuss and analyze how science is perceived in the media in relation to gender and what impact its having on society. The representation of women in the fields of science in the media is controversial. My research examines how women scientists are represented film, I’ve decided to use this form of media because film has a hugeRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 Pages Book Review of Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill addresses gender stereotypes that are brought onto women and men through the media resulting in objectification and subjectification. Gill discusses how the representation of gender is altered as a result of the media in Western societies. Gender and the Media is aimed to address the rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in societyRead MoreEffect Of Gender And Gender Representation On Media1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of gender and gender representation in media has been widely researched in various academic disciplines, including anthropology and communication studies. Similar gender role expectations are not just restricted to Western culture either. A study on gender representation in East Asian advertising by Michael Prieler is a demonstration of the influence of gendered communication. The research examines the male and female representation in the advertisin g of East Asian countries like HongRead MoreThe Media Shape And Reinforce Feminism1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media Shape and Reinforce Feminism Why cannot female characters be stronger? The role of media is representing the social status that reflects the actual situation of the female in society’s different aspects. However, female characters do not have enough representation because males take most of the important roles in different kinds of media. Female characters are always represented as one-sided and more reliant on male characters. Even though there is a trend of misrepresentation of femalesRead MoreFemale Representations Between American Psycho And Misery1541 Words   |  7 PagesSharon Selby INDS-3029-40-15S 20 July 2015 Female Representations Between American Psycho and Misery In the media, gender is stereotypically represented by splitting both men and women into two categories. Within these categories are specific traits that have led women to become represented as inferior to men. Women are presented as sexual, emotional and dependant while men are portrayed as strong, reliant and independent. This causes males in the media to be the hero who has the capabilities toRead MoreFemale Sterotypes in the Media Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesA major modern problem with the media is the sublimation of, and reaffirmation of, stereotypical female gender roles. â€Å"The media treats women like shit† (Cho). Which is a serious issue because of Marshall McLuhan’s famous words, â€Å"The Medium is the Message† (Warwick). The medium up for discussion is the media, which can be fundamentally defined as the most significant â€Å"single source of information that people have today (Katz). Therefore, in order to understand â€Å"what’s goi ng on in our society† (Katz)Read MoreGender Representation Of The Media1549 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Benchmark- How is gender represented in the media? Women A representation is when a media text such as a newspaper, magazine or film represent ideas or events to us in a distorted view. A representation is not the true picture; it is re-presented after a specific event has occurred. The representation will be opinion based and it will invite the audience to identify with them. All of the representations have a mode of address too depending on their target audience depends on how they representRead MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This is

Communication in the Workplace Free Essays

Communication is a vital process in organizations and companies in today’s world. It has been defined as an activity that entails transmitting information through interexchange of views or messages by behavior, signals, writing, visuals, and speech. The process of communication requires a sender, the message to be sent, and a receiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is mandatory for the receiver to be aware of the sender’s intention to communicate. This means that a sender can be able to communicate with a receiver across vast distances (Wilson 2010). Normally, the communication the process is complete after it is clear that the receiver understood the message as intended by the sender. Communicative commonality is integral to effective communication between communicating parties. Effective communication is not only needed inside an organization but also when dealing with external stakeholders. It enables organization to achieve competitive edge considering the fact that it through it that an organization remains responsive to consumer needs (Jones George 2007). On the contrary, poor communication disrupts almost everything in an organization. There are a number of barriers to effective communication (Huczynski Buchanan 2010). This paper intends to highlight the barriers and how three organizations (Professional Sports, Bernard Mathews, and NHS trust Hospital) have been able to handle the barriers to ensure effective communication. Barriers to Effective Communication Barriers to communication are factors that might hinder effective communication between parties in the workplace. According to Antony and MacVicar (2011), this includes language barriers, cultural barriers, organizational barriers, personal barriers, and interpersonal barriers. Other barriers to effective communication include information technology and power. Professional sports organizations in Greece, Bernard Mathews, and NHS trust hospital have had to deal with at least of the barriers. The three have employed different strategies to deal with them hence their continued success (Mullins 2005). NHS Trust Hospital Poor communication has hindered hospitals to serve customers in the desired manner. There are a number of factors that have contributed to the problem. According to Smith and Preston (1996), the nature of jobs executed by doctors and nurses has contributed to poor communication. Nurses and doctors jobs are in most cases stressful leading to their informal communication among them. It is also common to find practitioners being less polite when addressing one another. Lack of understanding of one another’s role and knowledge has also contributed to the poor communication in NHS hospital (Smith Preston 1996). Gender differences have also been a barrier to effective communication with stereotypes being the main cause. Men practitioners seem to have less respect for female practitioners hence conflicts in communication. Research has shown that professionalism and status is also a major cause of poor communication in NHS hospital. More experienced nurses and doctors seemed to have fewer problems in building relationships and communicating effectively. This is as compared to less experienced doctors and nurses who experience a lot of problems communicating. Members of the same group in the hospital also find it easy to communicate. Smith and Preston (1996) argues that this ostensibly because of similar language, sense of belonging, and similar training. NHS has tried to deal with the barriers through the application of a number of strategies. For instance, it has tried to create good relationships among practitioners. This has been done to ensure they are able to communicate with one another with ease. It has also employed training and teaching communication programs to enhance to encourage good communication among practitioners. It is clear that nurses and doctors in the organization have found it hard to get along with one another as a result of different training (Smith Preston 1996). It has also been suggested that the organization should implement good communication systems to aid practitioners in communication. The world has been experiencing technological advancements on a daily basis. The hospital needs to capitalize on this to be able to improve communications (Smith Preston 1996). Bernard Mathews Farms Bernard Mathews Farms is also one of the organizations that have suffered as a result of poor or ineffective communication. Noise has been one of the major barriers to the organization’s effective communication. Specifically, the organization was affected by the noise created by the media. To be more precise, press articles published negative information about the Bernard Mathews that led to the public have a negative attitude towards it. On the other hand, the organization failed to communicate to its stakeholders or respond to the allegation in a timely to be able to set the record straight. In the essence, this left the public confused on the matter leading to the organization losing its credibility. This also led to the company losing a competitive edge on the market. Employees were also demotivated seeing their company’s name being tarnished in the media. As a result, it necessitated the need for the management to come up with strong strategies on how to enhance communication with its stakeholders (Bernard Matthews 2011). The company was committed to improving its communication not only with internal stakeholders but also external ones. Internal stakeholders include directors, managers, and employees. The company has been able to communicate effectively with its internal stakeholders through the production of multilingual weekly newsletter to all employees. This has been done to ensure employees are well aware of what is happening in the organization. The same information is made available on its intranet site. Employees can also log in to be able to access new information. Similarly, the company also provides conducts face to face meeting aimed at informing managers on the progress of the company as well as new initiatives (Bernard Matthews 2011). The company has also employed different strategies to be able to communicate with external stakeholders. This includes customers, regulatory bodies, suppliers, the community, and the government. Essentially, the company was committed to winning back the trust of its stakeholders to survive the market. One way through which this was achieved is advertising. The company has been able to use the television to advertise its products to ensure they stick in the minds of its customers. It has also made a follow to ascertain the impact of the advertisements. It is through this strategy that the company is able to explain to its customers the benefits of consuming its products. Ultimately, this also gives it the opportunity to address the negative publicity as it is able to inform stakeholders on what is really happening (Bernard Matthews 2011). Social media and the internet has also been used by the company to be able to reach out to its stakeholders. For example, the company has four websites that serve different audiences. This includes a corporate website, consumer sites, Foodservice site, and a campaigning site. It has been able to use the same to market its products as well as make its new initiatives known to stakeholders. The company has also used the media and public relations to communicate circuitously with its consumers (Bernard Matthews 2011). Professional Sport. Professional sport organizations have also faced many barriers that impede effective communication. Specifically, coaches have found it problematic to communicate effectively with their players during games. This can be attributed to them having limited time. Coaches find it hard to communicate with players as a result of the limited time they might have to transmit instructions. They have tried their best to handle the same. However, limited time remains a great obstacle (Athanasios 2005). Language has also created a barrier to effective communication in the company. Professional sports teams are normally composed of players from different countries. As such, coaches might find it problematic to communicate with them. Ability of perception and attitude also hinder effective communication. It is common knowledge that players might decode messages differently hence some may not be able to get the right information. The negative attitude among players has also created a great barrier to communication considering the fact this affects communication not only to their superiors but also other players (Athanasios 2005). There are also external factors that have hindered communication in professional sports in Canada. External factors are those that are not directly related to the players or their coach but still affect communication. For example, spectators, sports officials, and opponents also act as barriers to effective communications. This can be attributed to the noise they make during sports events (Athanasios 2005). Coaches try to ensure effective communication by asking their players to be calm and remain focused. They also try to minimize the negative influence created by outside factors. Coaches have also dealt with the problem of languages through naturalization of players. Equally, they have also ensured that their messages are short and clear to ensure every individual perceives or understands them in the desired manner. Team cohesion, fatigue, and team environment affect their attitude towards one another. Coaches have tried to deal with this through ensuring team members have enough rest and spend more time with one another (Athanasios 2005). Conclusion Communication is very essential for organizations. It is imperative for the management in different organizations to ensure effective communication for better performances. There are a number of barriers that hinder effective communication including personal barriers, language barriers, physical barriers, and gender barriers. Professional Sports, Bernard Mathews, and NHS trust Hospital have faced some of these barriers and have tried their level best to handle them to ensure their success. How to cite Communication in the Workplace, Papers Communication in the Workplace Free Essays Communication and its many assets are very important. In order to be successful in anything we need to have effective communication. Although effective communication is very important in today’s world we will have issues with ineffective communication, also known as barriers. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now To communicate you need to have a sender, receiver and a message. It is important to relay any message with accuracy, with errors we then begin to have barriers causing ineffective communication. Technology is another factor that can be helpful but needs to be used properly. In my organization we use autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire. We are all about rights as well as delegating things to the appropriate parties. In my opinion having a combination of all management styles is important and makes it easier when you need to adjust to the different situations. Every situation and work day (involving who you work with) can be different. You make need to be more of a laissez-faire or paternalistic manager when you work with someone who needs direction at work. In my work facility we share knowledge and anything we need, thoroughly through emails, verbally and our communication book; which in our communication book you can find a lot of different information with dates, times, descriptions, etc. The more through we are the more likely we have communicated effectively even though the receiver or receivers may not be there. To communicate effectively there are five main techniques that can help you to improve. First off there is brainstorming; when you brain storm you are just throwing ideas out there in order to get any ideas together. There are also workplace tours which can also be known as a form of training. By doing tours you can allow others to see how another spectrum does things and learn how to improve or find new ways of doing things. Stakeholder surveys and stakeholder meetings are ways of getting groups together to generate more ideas. Put simply there is the expression â€Å"two heads is better than one†. Lastly there is formal suggestion system which in turns means you are workings together to figure out what these ideas mean and if they will have any value to what you need currently. Even though we have effective communication you are still going to have ineffective communication. This can be a variety of things. The first one which can cause a vast variety of issues is our main demographics like; age, cultural background, race, gender and language. There is also noise barriers which can cause you to miss-understand or interpret your sender (person giving message) wrong. You could also be ignoring parts of the message you will be receiving and only hearing the parts you would like to hear. Communication through technology has many of these same factors. Technology can be both effective and ineffective with all of its aspects. First we have speed which with online communication and cell phones you receive the date almost instantly. Accessibility in today’s world with the internet and our vast variety of resources we can find just about anything we would like. In health care accessibility can become an issue if information is accessed by an unauthorized individual which is a violation of HIPPA. When a breach becomes known you are required by law to notify the correct officials and take the necessary steps to correct the problem. Efficiency has a lot to do with speed. You can send something as simple as an email or text to get your message to the receiver. Written communication means there is a â€Å"hard copy† of the given information you can access. As for the news it can be accessed online or via the T. V. giving you more information. In health care we need to be able to keep up with the change and communication is vital. One simple mistake can make a world of difference especially in a hospital setting. You want to take the appropriate steps to improving and ways to alter or avoid having issues with ineffective communication. As you can see communication and management are vital in today’s success. You want to communicate effectively and work on improving and getting rid of any ineffective communication issues you may have. Make sure you are using the appropriate management style for the given situations and communicate your message thoroughly to your receiver. References McManus, K. (1998). A project management system for innovation. Journal for Quality and participation, 21(5), 60. Management Study Guide. Roles of Communication barriers in ineffective communication. Retrieved from: www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-communication-barriers-in-ineffective-communication.htm Nelson, L. (2012). Ehow Learning. How Technology Impact How to cite Communication in the Workplace, Papers Communication in the Workplace Free Essays †¢ Module Code: PM 025 †¢ Class/Group: Group A †¢ Module Title: Contemporary Organisational Behaviour †¢ Assignment Title: Final Essay †¢ Assignment Title: Communication in the workplace †¢ Tutor Name: Frenie Antony †¢ Student ID Number: 2059591 †¢ Date of Submission: 21st Match 2013 Communication in the workplace The definition of communication is ‘a process in which information and its meaning (common understanding) is conveyed by a sender to receiver (s)’ (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:612, and Jones and George, 2011, cited in Antony and Macvicar, 2011:146). In Rollinson and Broadfield’s theory ‘meaning’ was more important than ‘information’, as long as both sender and receiver can understand the meaning of information, even the feedback is not necessarily in the communication ptocess. In addition, ‘The exchange of ideas and information is the lifeblood of any organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now ’ (Hodge and Johnson, 1970: 93). In the other words, communication for an organization is the same as the blood flow for human being. (Conrad and Poole, 2012:5). Furthermore, according to Hodge and Johnson (1970) and O’Reilly and Pondy (1979), Dekay (2012) communication shaped the organization by interaction the organization and its environment, as the result, communication maybe the only connection between the organization and outside world. Besides, The majority aim of communication was enhance the connection between different roles in the company and smooth the working processes (Smith and Davidson, 1991, cited in Smith 1991:22). Therefore, Williams’s and Smith and Davidson’s ideas might argue that the purpose of communication in the workplace was improving the work efficiency and finally increasing the profit. This essay will argue that barrier to communication in the organization may not only influence the further market expansion of company, but also push the company to the edge of bankrupt, as its can distortion the meaning of information during the communication process. Furthermore, this essay will mainly divided into two parts, first, indicate the communication processes in the organization and verify some barriers (power difference barrier, cultural diversity barrier, individual perception barrier and so on) during the communication processes, second, inspect three case study of different companies (Bernard Matthew farms, The Luxor Company, Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell and ChevronTexaco) which had conquered the communication barriers. Normally, there were three directions of communication in the workplace: ‘vertically’ (superior and subordinate), ‘laterally’ (horizontal), and ‘diagonally’ (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:627). Furthermore, the communication processes unsurely consisted of two parts, the sender and receiver (Williams 1991, cited Smith, 1991:120 and Hodge and Johnson, 1970:150, Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:612). On one hand, sender wanted to transfer an idea, the idea needed to be ‘Encoded’, which means translated the message into general language. Then choosing a ‘Channel’, for instance, by e-mail, by telephone, put an advertisement and so on. After that, receiver received the massage from sender and they should try to ‘Decoded’ the message, which means the receiver should try to understand what sender’s meaning, at last gave respond (feedback) to the sender (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:617 and Buelens et al, 2011, cited in Antony and MacVicar, 2011:109). On the other hand, the barriers, which called ‘Noise’, existed during these six processes, and might lead to organization ‘communication collapses’, even worse, the bankrupt of company (Hodge and Johnson, 1970: 151). The barriers of communication often separated into two parts: ‘external barriers to the communication’ and ‘internal barriers to the communication’ (Williams 1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117, and Coulson-Thomas and Coulson-Thomas, 1997:267). To be more specific, first, external barrier often indicated as: neglect the extra message, ignore the importance of the information that processes it all followed by first-come-first-served rule, and slack to the responsibility (Williams 1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117). Second, there were five performance of internal barrier: first, could not find a need of communication, second, careless in understanding the information or tend to not correspond at all. Third, ‘Encoded’ problem, the sender introduce in professional way that make message unclear or the sender executed it in a wrong ‘channel’, the message could not receive by target customer. Fourth, the message might tamper during the transfer. Fifth, the personality might influence people’s understanding and acceptance of the message (ibid). The lack of communication might trigger a death for a company. For example, Bernard Matthews farms (the largest turkey supplier in the UK) started to lose reputation since 2005, because of the incident of unhealthy turkey for students in improve-school-meal program, then reached at the peak because of outbreak of bird flu and exposure of imported turkey from abroad, which against the idea of company. What was worse, Matthews never responded and defended themselves to the media in time (The Times 100, 2012). With reference to Williams’s (1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117) theory, the farm met one of the external communication barriers that the manager notice the problem they faced, however, took no respond of it. Before Matthews took any actions the company already lost 35% of selling in the UK, and it was standing on the edge of bankrupt (The Times 100, 2012). As mentioned above, the purpose of communication is to make organization work better and increasing the profit. With reference of Rollinson’s theory (2002: 617), during the improved communication processes, Bernard Matthews acted in three ways to simulate the internal stakeholders: formal written (weekly newsletters), electronic communication (company’s intranet site), and face to face communication. While Bernard also try to change external stakeholders’ attitude by: internet (four websites with different target customer) and social media (advertisement). These series of action offered high information richness which easily understood and accepted by both internal and external stakeholders, in addition, it rescued the Bernard Matthews farms from bankrupt to 9% annual increasing rate. To sum up, an effective communication, both internal and external, could help overcome the barriers and change the loss position. The communication could not only help company changing the loss position, but also make great effort for company’s further development. The Luxor Company (manufactures domestic and office furniture), which headquarters had 750 employees approximately and located in outskirts of Paris , for instance, increased dramatically in a short time that the CEO of company, Charles Binochet, realised everything seemed to be not working as smoothly as before. Furthermore, Charles believed that the rapid development would become a serious barrier when the next wave of market expansion coming (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). According to Williams (1991, sited in Smith, 1991:117), the barriers of the Luxor Company was external communication barriers, which means both the employers and the employees could not take care of the extra information, ignore the importance of the different information, and slack to the responsibility to the company. By hiring a consultant the Luxor Company solved problem of the lack of connection between production and marketing and no financial control system problem (Roillinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). However, the chaos of relations in the organization still existed. After some discussion, the Luxor tried to keep all of its in touch with company and its actions by provide the formal information which contained the high information richness (displayed four company’s situation chart which including ‘Number of employees’, ‘Output’, ‘investment in new plant and machinery’, and ‘New product lines added’) (ibid). Although the feedback of this action might come slowly and seldom, according to Roillinson and Broadfield (2002:612) as long as the receiver understood the information, feedback was less important in the communication. The charts, which might help employees to understand the company’s operation and their contribution to the company, leaded to hard working performance of employees (Roillinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). As a result, it improved communication with company and employees that not only improved the employees’ motivation but also might offer a significant assistant in company’s next expansion. Many multinational corporations had the same communication barriers as the Luxor Company, during the processes of taking collaborative advantage (Hansen and Nohria, 2004: 22). Nowadays, increasing international competition lead the company, for instance, Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell and ChevronTexaco (multinational corporations) were losing their dominant position than before. To recover the position and to increase the profit, they were willing to seek a new source, where collaboration might work, to increase the competitive advantage (ibid). Hansen and Nohria (2004:23) claimed that collaboration had several benefits: decreased the cost, better decision making, increased the revenue, be more creative, and enhanced the connection with its subsidiaries. During the processes of taking collaborative advantage, there was a significant barrier called: ‘Inability to work together and transfer knowledge’, which Hansen and Nohria considered it as a communication barrier (ibid). The employees from different subsidiaries which belonged to different countries, suffering the language barrier (language different) and intercultural barrier (message changed because of local culture) (ibid). According to Williams (1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117), the MNCs often had external communication barriers, which indicated as personality (culture different) influence the understanding and acceptance of the message and the message had been distorted (translate language) during the transfer. After a survey from supervisors, the companies decided to operate two actions to encourage the communication: First, setting an international standard of technologies words to conquer the communication. Second, setting an employee-exchange-program that employee could understand the culture different and improve the work efficiency. With reference to Rollinson and Broadfield (2002:617) theory, the first solution settled the encode and decode barriers, while second solution was choosing the ‘channel’, which was exchanged the employees to other subsidiaries, to increase the understanding and to solve the distortion barriers. To conclude, this essay has identified the communication in the workplace which included the communication barriers in the organization and purpose of communication, follow with three case studies about communication barriers, which including first, Bernard Matthews farms developed internal and external stakeholder by communication to rescue the loss position, second, the Luxor Company’s communicational-bias-further-development, third, communication helped multinational corporations to develop collaborative. As a result, communication in the workplace is critical important. Related essay: â€Å"Advice About Communication† However, the limitation of this essay still existed, the communication barriers identified not enough in this essay and the case study of this essay might be fewer representatives of the communication barriers. Words: 1616 Reference Antony, F. and MacVicar, A. (2011). Contemporary Organisation Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill. Argyris, Chris (1994). Good Communication That Block Leaning. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1994, 77-85. Conrad, C. C. and Poole, M. S. (2012). Strategic Organizational Communication: In a Global Economy. U. K. : John Wiley and Sons. Coulson-Thomas, C. (1997). The Future of the Organization: Achieving Excellence through Business Transformation. London: Kogan Page. Dekay, S. H. (2012). Interpersonal communication in the workplace: A Largely Unexplored Region. Business Communication Quarterly, 75 (4), 449-452. Hansen, M. T. and Nohria, N. (2004), How to Build Collaborative Advantage. MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall, 46, 1, 22-30, 2004. Hodge, B. J. and Johnson, H. J. (1970). Management and Organizational Behavior: A Multidimensional Approach. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons. O’Reilly, C. A. and Pondy, L. R. (1979). Organizational Communication. Columbus HO: Grid Rollinson, D. with Broadfield, A. (2002). Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. London: Pearson Education. Smith, M. (1991). Analysing Organization Behavior. London: Macmillan Education. The Times 100 Business Case Studies. (2012). Communication with stakeholders: A Bernard Matthews case study. Retrieved October 28th, 2012 from: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/bernard-matthews /communicating-with-stakeholders/ How to cite Communication in the Workplace, Essay examples

Set List Revised free essay sample

â€Å"Seriously, Mom, I’m fine.† On a chilly March evening outside the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., my mother insistently nagged me to wear a sweater. Looking at everyone else in line for the concert, there was no way I was putting that thing on. I was sixteen years old, and if I chose to stand outside in nothing but a t-shirt, then I’d deal with it. The world needed to loosen its grip and let me grow up already. My mother’s worries slipped from my mind the instant those creaky glass doors opened. Thick black X’s drawn on the backs of my hands, I rushed inside to see the smoke, speakers, and shining lights. When Forever the Sickest Kids took the stage, I screamed my lungs out, feeling the energy inside me practically burst out of my uncontrollable grins. As heavy guitar riffs vibrated through the air, I could feel my Converse pound against the hard black floor while my sticky hands reached high, pumping to the beat. We will write a custom essay sample on Set List Revised or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In those moments, I finally discovered what it meant to be lost in the music. I found my personal infinity, and I was a happy little child again. This peace was shattered when â€Å"Keep On Bringing Me Down† began playing. Dynamic singer Jonathan Cook spewed angry words about how he could not find hope in this disappointing world, no matter how hard he tried. I continued jumping in unison with the crowd, but my mind had wandered back to my poor mother. Had this angry frustration become my attitude towards the world? Was I a rebellious child who rejected all emotion? I never wanted to sink into this persona, but looking back at myself, I could see all the pieces coming together: I was a sixteen-year-old girl who wore tight clothes and too much makeup, banging my head along with older kids sporting tattoos at a punk rock show. There I stood, singing along to choruses that blamed the world for my problems, trying to find an inner peace with music as a temporary escape from reality. The only real issue was that I had created these problems for myself. After the concert dispersed, I returned to the family minivan and thanked my parents, giving them each a long hug. Climbing into the backseat, I realized my irritation towards my mom was nothing compared to the distress I had already caused both her and my dad. Inevitably, I will have to make more mistakes, and my parents will have to give a few more lectures, but I now understood how I could make this life learning process less painful. My parents have devoted such great time and effort to raising me, and to return my love to them, I should be an obedient child for these eighteen years, if not forever in their eyes. Growing up is not about doing whatever I want. I had to fulfill my responsibilities and respect my limits before making any decisions of my own.

Paintball free essay sample

Paintball is my favorite thing to do in my spare because it never gets old and is always fun. Paintball is the ultimate version of laser tag and capture the flag. It may not be the right sport for all people because and can sting at times and leaves welts and bruises. But if you’re looking for excitement and don’t hurt easily I suggest you try out paintball. The place I like to go to is the Paintball Jungle because it is not confined to small courts and the only thing there is in small courts is air ball and speedball. But when I go with my friends and we have an equal amount of players I will play speedball with them. They also have a sixty two acre forest of eucalyptus trees, forts, bunkers, and bases. There are versions of paintball such as capture the flag and elimination. We will write a custom essay sample on Paintball or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Capture the flag is one version of paintball when you have a flag placed somewhere in the field and two teams have to battle each other to get to the flag. Once you get the flag you try to get the flag back to your starting point. Elimination is the other version of paintball. Elimination is when you battle against another team and you just have to fight the other team off until there is no one left on one of the teams. Once the round of elimination is over, whichever team still has players left is the winning team. Paintball has three types of fields. The first field that most people that have ever seen paintball on T.V. would be air ball. Air ball is one version of paintball that is in a smaller area with blow up bunkers and you can either have capture the flag or elimination. One of the other versions of paintball is speedball, speedball is basically like air ball, it is air ball mostly just its with different bunkers. Last but not least there is forest ball where there is capture the flag, and elimination. Forest ball is a bigger version of paintball and there can be bunkers forts and bases. If you are looking for excitement I suggest you try paintball. If you paintball you get used to the pain after you get hit a couple of times. Paintball is painful at first but it’s not bad, it’s kind of just a stinging sensation. My favorite thing to do whenever I can is paintball. The only bad part about paintball is that it can cost a lot of money. But if it sounds fun to you, then you should try it out.

Wrong Place, Wrong Time Professor Ramos Blog

Wrong Place, Wrong Time As weeks and weeks go by, one Friday the man decides to miss his routine stop at the bar in order to go to a birthday party. Because he missed this one Friday, he didn’t spend his money on his casual beers like he regularly does. Having saved this money, he decided to go to the bar the next Friday. Coincidentally, this Friday happens to be the exact same one the woman normally goes to the bar to have drinks with her friends. As night falls, the woman walks into the bar with her friends and leaves them to get something to drink. She sits quietly at the bar apart from her friends while all of her friends gossip and talk about how their week was. The man then walks in and sits one seat away from the woman. They both give each other a friendly smile and go on separately ordering their drinks. After about 3 drinks each, the man feels a bit tipsy and accidentally knocks over his fourth glass of beer all over the counter-top and watches it as it drips down onto the woman’s lap . She stands up abruptly and yells,   â€Å"EXCUSE ME, WHAT ARE YOU DOING?†. She tries to wipe the beer off her jeans before it soaks them. The man quickly gets up and tries to help her dry off her jeans. He immediately feels bad and says, â€Å"I am so sorry I didn’t mean to do that, can I do anything to help?†. As the beer seems to be off of her jeans, she jokingly laughs and says â€Å"yes, actually, you can buy me another drink for doing that.† He happily agrees and buys her another drink. They end up hitting it off and find a lot in common. They both want to leave the city they live in, have the same type of dog, and enjoy the same movies. The two also open up about why they both chose to go to the bar that Friday night, both explaining that they go there to meet someone new, but have never had the courage to talk to anybody.   As they continue talking, a loud screech from brakes on a car sting their ear drums. They both look out of the window and see a black van parked sloppily at the front of the bar. Two men angrily exit the vehicle and begin walking to the front door. Before the man or woman could say anything, bullets come soaring through the glass windows of the bar. The shattered glass falls to the ground, and mass panic immediately erupts within the bar. All the customers begin running around trying to take cover underneath nearby tables and behind chairs. Some customers fatally get hit by gunshots, causing them to fall over and screech in pain. The man looks at the woman and tries to grab her hand to run but right as he turns to do so, she gets shot in the stomach. The woman shrieks in panic and pain and instantly grabs the right side of her stomach. She screams for help as blood oozes out of her side. The man looks down at her in shock as an intense terror overwhelms his body freezing him up. She falls down in shock and the man finally runs to her rescue and bends down trying to aid her. He decides to put pressure on the wound because that is what he has seen on his favorite television show. The woman begins crying in agonizing pain and says, â€Å"I really don’t think that’s doing anything call 911!†. However, from the chaos still going on in the restaurant, the man is unable to find his phone and begins to panic even more. Suddenly, one of the shooters bursts through the broken door screaming â€Å"EVERYBODY GET ON THE GROUND, GIVE ME YOUR MONEY, AND DON’T SAY ANYTHING!†. While the gunman is collecting everybody’s valuables, the bartender climbs behind the bar counter where a shotgun is kept just in case a situation like this happens. As the bartender begins reaching for the gun, he knocks over a glass cup and watches as it falls to the ground and breaks. The gunman looks over and notices the shotgun the bartender was trying to take. He then picks up his rifle and immediately shoots the bartender straight through his skull. This is unfolding right in front of the man’s eyes as he watches in disbelief and horror. After the gunman sees the bartender is down, he goes over to the bartender to check if the kill is confirmed and sees the bullet hole wound in his forehead. The gunman then goes back to looting all of the hostages taking their valuables. During this, the man tries hi s best to sneak over to grab the shotgun that the gunman happened to leave by the corpse of the bartender. The woman signals to him to stop what he’s doing, but the man ignores her and proceeds to go toward the shotgun. Once he reaches it, he draws the shotgun back and aims for the gunman and instantly pulls the trigger. The gunman reacts quickly to the shots that spread throughout his chest and neck by falling to the floor and gasping for breath. He starts to breathe slower and slower as he takes in less and less oxygen while time goes on. The man drops the shotgun after killing the gunman, but suddenly hears a loud bang. He looks down to see he is bombarded by bullets that pierced his chest which causes blood to rapidly spew out of his body. The woman sees the man fall to his knees and in utter disbelief she crawls over to him to grab the shotgun. Almost instinctively, she pulls the trigger to kill the second gunman that just shot the man. She weakly makes her way over to t he man and begins to cry even harder. The two hold each other waiting for help to come, but as minutes go by they are still lying in shattered glass coated in their own blood. She looks over to him as his breathing gets slower and smiles and says, â€Å"So much for going out to meet people, right?†. He lets out a light chuckle and looks back at her and says, â€Å"I’m just glad I met you.† Finally, the familiar flickering of red and blue lights surround the bar, but it’s too late.

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Not sure - Essay Example Almost all organizations conduct an interview before recruiting employees to determine the candidates who are most competent to fit for the vacant position (Townsend 2007, p. 87). Managers use a first interview (screening), an interview conducted either via the phone call or at the office of the employer (Eung 2011, p. 56). This type of interview is brief and usually lasts for 40-60 minutes. During this interview, the interviewing managers will mainly want to know the candidate’s skills and experiences. Most interviewing managers make use of the screening interviews to describe organizational operations as well as the position (Seidman 2006, p. 34). If the managers are impressed by the candidate’s performance at this first interview, they invite the candidate for a second interview. The second interviews are usually longer compared to the first one and may take three hours or even a whole day. This interview involves a variety of interview questions, which are in form of testing. They also involve lunch or dinner, taking the interviewees out for a tour, as well as conducting a series of interviews to different candidates (Macan 2009, p. 14). The purpose of this interview is to make the interviewees to come out with full understanding of the organizational structure, culture, working environment, responsibilities of the job they are applying for, and gain enough know how to decide whether to take the job. Interviewers should choose the form of interviewing that they feel would be most effective. Behavioral interviewing also known as competence interviewing is the most effective form of interviewing used in most organizations. This type of interview requires the interviewee to draw about their experiences and give specific examples that demonstrates his or her competence in the applied post (Sund, Carin & Carin 2008, p. 33). This type of interviewing is more effective than unstructured interviewing in

How to solve problem of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to solve problem of organization - Essay Example Personnel may be in the wrong job because they lack the relevant skills required, lack initiative or job hunting skills to find a job that suits their skills or stay in a job considered suitable for them. These issues result in a lot of problems within an organization. Research conducted in Kuwait found that the problem is quite rampant. This paper will examine the proper problem solving mechanisms to tackle the problem of wrongful placement of workforce. Being in the wrong job is damaging to an individual and the organization, as well. The process of solving organizational problems entails five key steps. These include finding the problem, formulating the problem, deciding on the solution, implementing the solution and reviewing the results. After company management identifies and formulates the problem, i.e. the organizational problem of wrongful personnel placement, they should find viable alternatives to counter the issue. While organizations encounter a multitude of problems, the problem of wrongful employee placement causes the most harm to the organization (Smart & Street, 2008). However, it is often the executives that fail to comprehend the impact of a poor performer. It is the colleagues of such an employee who experience the consequences of wrongful personnel placement. This breeds destructive employee drive and loss of productivity. One of the factors that result in wrongful employee placement include loyalty, for instance, when a manager employs a friend making it difficult for the employer to identify the right position for that employee. In addition, after evaluating and formulating the problem, management can solve the problem of employees working in the wrong position by ensuring that hiring is done on a professional rather than personal basis. Employing friends or relatives who are unqualified for a position on the basis of loyalty may damage

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

English - Essay Example In this regard, I found out that there are several channels (social media) one can use to learn English, and one of them is the television. The term social media is a term that has been lately on everyone’s lips as it plays a major role on how we speak and write, and on how we interact with other people. It affects our way of speech due to the numerous varieties of social media which we access in our daily life. What then is social media? Social media is termed as a very powerful human interaction tool that does include technologies that facilitate communication among individuals and several organizations. Over the years, it has been widely acknowledged that social media influence us in more ways than we can imagine. It is worth noting that the power of social media can be witnessed both negatively and positively. It is therefore imperative that we place a greater emphasis on harnessing the power of social media with regards to bring positive change to the society and English language. When it comes to social media and TV, Social TV was actually named one of the 10 most important emerging technologies with an element of social media in 2010 by the MIT tech review. Social TV as a general term does cover many areas that include voice integration and chat capabilities, video conferencing as well as TV recommendations. TV is known to be social media as it mines information related to TV programs from social media and integrates the results into TV programs or series (Qualman 19). TV is referred to as social media as it’s able to display and retrieve social media content that displays social discussions on certain TV shows. Social media on TV allows the recent technologies that concentrate on TV programs that are ported to online media resources such as You Tube. However TV plays a positive role in the buildup of an individuals language through news. News channels such as PPC it is very helpful, because the English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27 English - Essay Example When the UAE starts its journey as an independent country in 1971, it had a scouts served as the mobile force of 1600 men. Present aspects may clearly distinguish between them. According to Department of Defense (DoD) the US Army has grown to 545,849 within 31th October, 2008. On the other hand amount of UAE troops is too few in comparison with the US Army. â€Å"In 2004 total active troops were estimated at 50,500 personnel: army, 44,000; navy, 2,500; and air force, 4,000. Estimates in 2005 raised the total to 59,000 personnel† (Pike). Mission of US army is to conduct successful battle that must discharge national achievement and retaining dominance through resisting all threats. The mission of the US Army is plotted and composed in the global frame work. As it is said in the organization’s website, â€Å"The Army’s mission is to fight and win our Nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders† (US. Army). On the other side mission of UAE militaries is to establish proper protection for the Nation against threats and attacks. The UAE Army is orientated to maintain security of the Nation and Peace in the region. Recent issues and history prove that Military Control of USA has depicted over successfully in most cases in different countries especially third world countries and Middle East countries as well Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. till now. But as a faintly penetrated UAE arm force is appearing now growing up keeping friendly relation with US. Though economically getting rich now, UAE, now days, seems is going to receive healthy grounding in military whereas any threat will come. â€Å"On February 4, the Bush administration released its budget request for Fiscal Year 2009, which begins on October 1, 2008. For FY 2009, the White House is seeking $711

Technology usage and the knowledge of tools

Technology usage and the knowledge of tools Technology  is the usage and knowledge of  tools, techniques,  crafts,  systems  or methods of organisation  (Merriam-Webster). It has brought the revolution in the business world. It has brought the business around the world under a common and concrete platform. It has eliminated the business practices to be restricted to a single place. Now the clients and the companies have open interface of interaction, they can effectively communicate with each other for example even sitting at home, aeroplanes or from any corner of the world. With the advancement of the technology and innovation of new methods of communication like Wireless Technology has further given birth to the information systems management process which has removed the barriers to all the information flow and its management. It has aligned the pace of technology to business complexity while creating the bridge between the growth of commerce and trade around the world. It has transformed the barter trade era to very agile billion dollars e-business industry, from research and development, projection of any business, production to the delivery of any sort of business services is controlled and channelled by the conjunction of various form of technology aligned together. With the origin of information system it has made the business needs and expansion of various small and bigger enterprises very transparent and at a very low cost, enhancing their capabilities to handle, record and retain the information like employee and clients profiles more accurately while removing the possibilities of human error and dependency. For example companys like Amazon and Dell has elevated the idea of globalisation into a reality with the use of technology. According to Jagdish et al (2004), Globalisation  describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. They were are able to reach out to customers globally and deliver their products at the doorsteps while making informed decisions, tracking the customers pattern while using internet to broaden their markets research more appropriately. As the result of technological innovation, the real cost of information processing and communication have fallen dramatically. It helped to manage and create globally dispersed production system while orchestrating globalisation of their products. Considering technology in transportation, with the development of commercial jets and the introduction of containerisation has revolutionised the transportation business while lowering the cost of shipping goods over long distance. For example the fresh fruits and flowers can be sold in various parts of the world despite its origin of growth at any place. Furthermore the introduction of Semi Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE) system, airlines, hotels, railways, tour companies and millions of customers worldwide where connected for the quick seats bookings, travel information, fasters and accurate payments options (Computerworld, September 2002). According to Catel et al (1990), technology and its effective management of global supply chain, with introduction of electronic data interchange (edi), it has connected suppliers, manufacturers, shippers, and customers, eliminated the time delays and paperwork, while increasing the flexibility and responsiveness along with decentralising the effective management decisions in the hands of particular unit. Emails have further made every communication very instantaneous and with outsourcing, many companies have reduced its operational cost. Companies like Wal- Mart used the technology to solve logistics problems, created new channels to market to identify and track sales on individual items. Super markets like Tescos have equipped their staff with a wireless device which provides them with the data of the products available to be sold on the shop shelves and what is stored in the stockrooms. It has eliminated the manual checks required to be carried out, hence providing the employees competitive advantage to provide effective customer services (The Times, 26th march, 2002). Considering the role of technology in banking sector (Ilyas-Ur Rahman, 2007) it has transformed the phase of the retail banking while incorporating anytime and anywhere baking facilities. It has increased the reliability and revolutionised the financial activities like global funds transfers across the world in few seconds. Technology has further introduced net and mobile banking facilities for its customers. Banks consider technology to be its lead factor to sustain itself in the market to retain the competitive position across various geographical locations. Technology has improved customers services in bank, helped private sector banks to achieve economies of Scale while communicating data at low cost and efficient way. Technology has created the strong impact on profitability, competitive pressure and customer needs. Therefore, technology is the key to evaluate performance, identify areas of problems, plan and restructure future strategies in each and every component of a business activity. Thus the application of advanced technology and information system tools is to get desired in depth data which is vital to interpret, evaluate for decision making process, prior to overhaul, restructure and to rejuvenate organisations for becoming efficient business models. The focus will be to capitalise on voids for developing and exploiting new market opportunities in every kind of economic environment even before the competition emerges.

Teenage Prostitution as a Response to Gender Roles in Japanese Society :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Teenage Prostitution as a Response to Gender Roles in Japanese Society Buuuzzzzzzz. â€Å"Oh, a page,† says Michiko to her friend, â€Å"give me a minute to check it.† She pulls out her mobile phone and dials the number to check her messages. This message is from one of her regular customers, Mr. Tanaka. He would like to meet this afternoon at the little restaurant next to the same â€Å"love hotel† they used last week (a place that rents theme rooms by the hour). Michiko giggles to her friend, â€Å"Poor Tanaka-san, he is such a lonely guy, but he’s very generous.† Michiko meets up with Tanaka-san, a businessman in his mid-forties, later that afternoon. They grab an early dinner, then head directly to the love hotel. After about an hour, their transaction is complete and Tanaka-san â€Å"offers† Michiko about  ¥10,000. Suddenly, Michiko notices the time. It’s nearly eight, and she has about an hour commute, by train, to her house in the suburbs. â€Å"My parents will be angry that I’m so late again, especially since I have an important algebra exam in the morning!† Michiko quickly kisses Tanaka-san on the cheek and rushes around collecting her things. â€Å"Call me soon. Okay?† says the seventeen-year-old as she slips out the door. Michiko and Tanaka-san are imaginary, yet they illustrate a very real phenomenon in Japanese society — teenage prostitution. Young girls selling themselves to older men is not a new phenomenon. Underage women around the globe resort to prostitution as a means of survival. There are few industries women can enter where capital costs are low, barriers to entry are few, and educational requirements are nil. Yet what is puzzling in the Japanese case is that most young women like Michiko do not depend on the money they receive from prostitution for survival — yet it does help to buy Burberry scarves, Chanel hand bags and other â€Å"must-haves† (Moffett 50). While it is tempting to say that teenage prostitution is a means for young women to obtain the material items they feel they cannot live without, there is more to this phenomenon than meets the eye. If it were merely a matter of wanting extra money, young girls would most likely seek legitimate employment — translation, the increasing popularity of prostitution among teenage girls in Japan is a response to the strict gender stratification of Japanese society.

Globalization and Its Merits and Demerits

[edit]Proto-globalization Main article:  Proto-globalization The next phase, known as  proto-globalization, was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 16th and 17th centuries, first the  Portuguese  and  Spanish Empires, and later the  Dutch  and  British Empires. In the 17th century, world trade developed further when  chartered companies  like the  British East India Company  (founded in 1600) and the  Dutch East India Company  (founded in 1602, often described as the first  multinational corporation  in which stock was offered) were established. [39]Animated map showing the development of European  colonial empiresfrom 1492 to present The  Age of Discovery  added the  New World  to the equation,[40]  beginning in the late 15th century. Portugal  and  Castile  sent the first exploratory voyages[41]  around the  Horn of Africa  and to the Americas, reached in 1492 by the Italian explorer  Christopher C olumbus. Global trade growth continued with the  European colonization of the Americas  initiating the  Columbian Exchange,[42]  the exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including  slaves),  communicable diseases, and culture between theEastern  and  Western  hemispheres.New crops  that had come from the Americas via the European seafarers in the 16th century significantly contributed to world population growth. [43]  The Puritans migration to New England, starting in 1630 under John Winthrop with the professed mission of converting both the natives of North America to Puritan Christianity and raising up a â€Å"City Upon a Hill† that would influence the Western European world, is used as an example of globalization. [44]

myths and moundbuilders essays

myths and moundbuilders essays The extraordinary mounds found in the Midwest is home to many myths and stories of the Moundbuilders. The Moundbuilders mysteries reside around the Ohio and Illinois flatlands. Though this group of people have been wiped out for thousands of years now, many archeologists are fascinated with way of life. Their struggle to survive and how their culture functions are unique to no other. That is why many historians and archeologists are so amazed about the myths and stories of the moundbuilders. There are many stories that describe the way they lived, acted, and eventually wiped out from mankind. The stories began around the 1700s settlers around the area where the Moundbuilders lived. Many of the first stories that came out explained that they were not savage Indians but a civilized group of people. Even though evidence pointed toward the Indians. Scientists say that the Indians savagely attacked the Moundbuilders. Located in St. Louis, the most famous mound still stands. This mound stands over 100 feet high. Not only is it the highest mound, but also it is one of the oldest in history. It was home of the second group of moundbuilders. All societal events occurred on this enormous mound. The way the Moundbuilders survived was mainly based on the way they ate. Fish and fruits were the main source of food. Nuts was also a source of food. A motar and pestal was the equipment, much like Indians, they used the motar and pestal to crush their nuts. Harvesting occurred more than hunting. The Moundbuilders were more a civilized group than a savage group. The Moundbuilders were not really recognized in American culture. It is mostly historians and scientists that know about this group of people. Their way of life was very civilized in their time. It is amazing how they lived amongst Indians and regular people. Maybe they were wiped out because they were not tough enough to handle br ...

Death Penalty6 essays

Death Penalty6 essays In national news today, a black man from southern Texas was killed today. He was brutally beaten and than roped to the back of a pick-up and dragged to his death. This isnt all too uncommon to hear in todays news and if anything I think that we have grown numb and gotten use to hearing things of this nature. I dont think that crimes are getting more gruesome, but it does seem that they are becoming more frequent. Either way whether or not they are becoming more frequent there is no cure for the problem. There have been plenty of talks in the recent presidential debates about the death penalty, and many discussions of George Bushes fancy for it and in many cases I just have to agree. In my personal opinion if you are bold and brave enough to take someones life than you should be bold and brave enough to give up your own. To those who stand against it I ask Why? For some its a religious issue, I have heard the phrase, Well, no one has the right to play god. Which is fine if thats what you believe and there is nothing wrong with that, but personally I dont buy into the whole religion thing, I am not a holy man, I have found nothing in my short 18 years here on this planet to prove to me there is a god. I have seen no evidence and Im not one of blind faith, which is what were supposed to have, but that is an entirely different subject. Others say, Well, an innocent man could be killed. The way our government works there are plenty of appeals before the man is put to death that if he wa s innocent Im sure that he could get off, the odds of that happening seem to be slim. But it may be possible that the death penalty may be going in the wrong direction, now this is just a theory that I have. Drug dealers for example are out on the street starting gang wars and basically running around and shooting each other. Th ...

Water Resource Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Resource Plan - Essay Example The equipment required for fishing including the boats and nets are expensive to maintain. So, the last thing in their mind is the conservation of the marine environment. Also, the nature of marine life is such that it is difficult to estimate the existing population levels at various marine habitats. This means that the problem of over-fishing comes to light when it’s too late to reverse the trend (Alive, 2007). At this juncture, a systematic, scientific and feasible plan is required to manage marine resources and ensure sustainability. Many experts within the fishing industry are working towards healthy, sustainable marine ecosystems, so that the future for its inhabitants is made secure. What is called for is a legitimate, proactive plan of action, with long term objectives in order that fisheries across the globe will be healthy and ecologically-balanced. Such a state of affairs will make sure that fishing does not have a negatively effect on marine ecosystems. (Neori, et. al., 2007) To start with, fisheries management requires taking careful account of the more vulnerable marine ecosystems whose conditions may have a huge impact on fish stocks and their productivity. On identifying these, no-take zones or no-travel zones could be imposed on commercial fishing expeditions to prevent disruption of â€Å"fish spawning, breeding, and annual marine migrations†. Protection of these sensitive habitats at crucial junctures in time helps depleted fish populations to replenish and makes sure that the process of long-term sustainability and productivity of a fishery is underway (Alive, 2007). Other measures are also required as part of the sustainability management plan. For example, in order for a marine ecosystem to maintain its health, instances fish catching expeditions will have to be curtailed to allow the target species (the ones identified to be on the verge of extinction but whose role in the marine

E potfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E potfolio - Essay Example Consequently, developments in information systems also involve social and political relationships-and thus ethical consideration in how information is used is all the more important. Government records, workplaces and private lives of the people are within the reach of the system and it is a vital responsibility now to balance the needs and rights of everyone. While everything with online security systems seems very user friendly and tends to make life easier for a management team, there is also a significantly dangerous side to the use of online information systems. One of them happens to be cyber crime. Typically, cyber crime can be divided into four categories; theft, fraud, copyright infringement and attacks. With the popularization of the internet and its several weak links, hackers find it possible to break into security systems where they have access to a person's key personal data such as social security numbers, date of birth, driver's license numbers and credit card informa tion. Affected individuals have experienced fraudulent financial transactions, and false accusations of crimes they have never committed which begin showing against their names on their personal record files. Information systems are vulnerable to physical attacks, electronic hacking, viruses and natural disasters.

LLB CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example Nash v. Inman, http://www.bcli.org/pages/publications/lrcreports/reports(html)/lrc26index.html According to Law of Contracts, in many ways the contractual capacity of a minor differs from that of an adult. An individual below 18, who is legally a minor, according to Family Law Reforms Act, 1969, cannot enter into contracts easily, because they are grouped under valid, void and voidable contracts and hence, they hold very little legal authenticity. Valid contracts cover necessities and this means, they have to pay for the necessities1 and legally liable to do so, if plaintiff could prove that goods supplied are suitable in minor's station in life and are his actual requirements2 and here, necessities3 and luxuries4 are different and the terms should not be onerous5 and if plaintiff has all these on his side, still he will get only a reasonable price and not a contractual one. Minors are bound by beneficial contracts service, which is usually for their own benefit, mainly termed as beneficial contracts and these include education, training, apprenticeship, and a Court can decide that minor should go through these contracts, even if some of them are not totally beneficial6 for him at the time conflict. Sometimes during the course of time circumstances might prove that a minor does not particularly need those benefits any more7.

The novel Roll of thunder Essay Example for Free

The novel Roll of thunder Essay For my diverse cultures essay, I will be studying and revising different factors of that time period and place for example the weather, the language, religion, politics, gender, lifestyle. The novel Roll of thunder, hear my cry is written by Mildred D. Taylor. This story was set in the 1930s which is after the depression, were the whole of America went into a slump. The novel is about a young, black girl who expresses and learns about the ways of life in the 1930s. The novel was set in the 1930s, which was during the time of, The great depression. It was set in the less prosperous part of America in Mississippi. This was a time and place when thousands of families like Cassie were poor and considered the lower, working-class. As you go through the book, you find that Cassie discusses and questions certain issues; for example racism and growing-up. Generally people think that informal slang speech is wrong, but it is just an alternative version to the English language. The way a person speaks is often a way of revealing how educated a person may be. The general dialect spoken within a community is a part a communitys identity, for example; the cockney language represents the people of southeast England. In the novel the language spoken has a western style to it. The novel consists of two main styles of speech, but the communities speak the main style commonly. The language is the same as Standard English but with many abbreviations. The local dialect shortens and blurs words together. The weather in this novel plays an important part, because this sets the mood of the characters and it is also an indication to show that something will happen, like in the novel the night whispered of distant thunder. It was muggy, hot, a miserable night for sleeping. This indicated that there is something wrong, so Cassie is being kept awake for the problem to occur. Racism was demolished mainly in mid century, so racism was a big factor in the novel as the story was set in the 1930s. Racism came about when the blacks were shipped in to the country for slavery, from then on the whites considered the blacks as a lower class, and thats what Cassie had to come to terms with. Today there is many forms of entertainment like: television, Internet, music, but early on in the century there was not a lot of entertainment but it was still no good as not many could afford entertainment. The community of Mississippi was a rural area, hence the lifestyle for the Logan family and most others was mainly work, and all families did go to the local church on Sundays for community gatherings as well as services. Generally ladies were thought as housewives but in the novel two of the teachers in the local community school Great faith were ladies, one being Cassie Logans mum, and also ladies had no means to educate or be educated. Early on in the century blacks had no law to protect themselves, but to deify convention at the end of the novel T. J Avery was about to get hanged in front of his own family but Mr. Jamison stopped this from happening by telling them that a fair trial will be held. If blacks were to commit crime then this will not be tolerated under no circumstances, and because the blacks have no law for them this gave an open chance to attack the blacks. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

Benefits of Linux Operating System

Benefits of Linux Operating System TASK 01 Evaluate the benefit of Linux operating system as interoperable and alternative NOS for the company in the form of a feasibility report to include the following: The comparative Networking features of Windows and Linux. Interoperability features of Ubuntu with the existing Microsoft Windows Workstations. You need to install Ubuntu on a machine and configure network services for Windows and Linux mainly for file sharing and printing. Necessary screen shots have to be provided. Enumerate the various costs associated with the performance, security, support, and maintenance of the Ubuntu within the bank. Answers What is Windows? Microsoft Windows is a series of computer operating systems and GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) produced by Microsoft Corporation. Windows was the first operating environment introduced by Microsoft in 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS. Windows was introduced because of the growing interest in Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Then Windows dominated the worlds personal computer market, overtaking the Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. Microsoft has introduced two parallel routes in their operating systems. One route is for Home users and the other route is for Professional IT users. The home versions have greater multimedia support and less ability for network and security. But Professional versions have low multimedia capabilities and better networking and security. Windows operating systems are commercial products and we should purchase license in order to use the products. And also the source code of windows products are closed and owned by Microsoft. Linux is a free and open source Operating System referring to Unix-type operating systems originally created by Linus Torvalds with the support of developers all over the world. Linux source code is freely available to everyone and anyone can freely modify and redistribute both commercially and non-commercially. Linux kernel can be defined as one of the best kernels that uses today. And further, many organizations have begun to use Linux based operating systems because of its high security and low cost. Linux is well known for its use in servers. And also Linux can be installed on vast variety of hardware, such as mobile phones, watches, mainframes, supercomputers and etc. Fedora, Suse, Mandriva, Ubuntu, Kubuntu and Red Hat are some popular distributions of Linux. Comparative Features of Windows and Linux Malware Threats Security is a vital feature that every Operating System (OS) should provide. Because operating system is a key requirement of every computer system. Therefore everything depends on it. Malware or Malicious Software is a computer program that is designed by computer criminals in order to damage the systems and theft important information from computer systems. Therefore a network OS should have a thorough security. Without security, the network is vulnerable to larger number of threats. Windows Microsoft Windows OS is the most popular operating system in the world. It runs nearly 90% of desktop computers in the consumer market, and is the main operating system of the vast majority of commercial and institutional users. Therefore this makes windows equipped machines larger target of malware (or malicious software) which is written by computer criminals who want to cause much damage to the system. According to the surveys that conducted by Kaspersky Lab have revealed that more than 11,000 malware programs for windows were discovered just in the second half of 2005. And also nearly one million Windows based computers have been infected with Botnets (Botnet is a small computer program used to control other computers remotely). In windows based computer systems some malware are very hard to remove without using an Anti-Malware program. Linux In year 2006 approximately 800 Linux malware were discovered. Most of the malware are propagated through the Internet. Usually Linux based malware are extremely rare. But there may have a possibility of spreading malware to the Linux based systems if they are connected with Windows based systems. Because of the rarity of malware threats, there is no initial requirement for Anti-Malware programs in Linux based systems. But anti-malware software such as ClamAV and Panda Security are rarely used for Linux servers for more security. Resource Sharing Computer Network is a set of interconnected computers that is used to share resources such as printers, scanners, information, storage and etc. Therefore operating systems should support for reliable resource sharing. Reliable resource sharing increases the networks performance. Linux and Windows belong to two different platforms. Though they provide different facilities, they provide they initial requirements of a network. Usually Linux performs well for file sharing and Windows performs well for Printer, Scanner and other hardware resources sharing. Cost For desktop or home use, Linux is very cheap or free, and Windows is so expensive. For sever use, Linux is very cheap when comparing with Windows. Microsoft allows a single copy of Windows to be used on only one computer. In contrast, once we have purchased Linux, we can run it on any number of computers for no additional change. For instance in year 2005, Windows XP Professional Edition was sold for $200 and Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition with 10 Client licenses was sold for $1,100. But we can download Linux distributions freely from their web sites. Otherwise we can purchase a assorted distributions of Linux in a box with CD and manuals and technical support for around $40 to $80. Bugs All software has and will have bugs (programming mistakes). Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs than Windows. Windows is developed by faceless programmers whose programming mistakes in Windows are hidden from the outside world because Microsoft does not publish the particular source code for Windows. Microsoft believe that their source code as a trade secret. In contrast, Linux is developed by hundreds of programmers all over the world. They publish the source code of the operating system to the world. Therefore it is stronger and less vulnerable for threats. That is why most of the organizations use Linux for their networks. Linux is getting update from many talented programmers all over the world. Network Configuration When comparing with Linux network configuration, Windows configuration is easier. Because of generally Windows is based on GUI (Graphical User Interface). Therefore anyone can understand Windows based network configuration without having much knowledge. But Linux is generally based on Command Line or Terminal and there should have a good knowledge about Linux in order to implement a network by using Linux. File System In Windows based systems the support NTFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF and others. But in Linux based systems they use ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, JFS, XFS, and others. When comparing with Windows, Linux supports for many file systems. But now Windows has 3rd party drivers for ex2, ex3, ReiserFS, HFS and others. System Stability Windows operating systems based on the NT kernel and it much more stable than the other older versions of Windows. But if we are using unsigned or beta drivers, it can lead to decreased system stability. Linux window manager is a key component of X-Windows based GUI system and can be highly stable. Mechanisms used to terminate badly behaving applications exist at multiple levels, such as Ksysguard and the kill command. If the GUI fails Linux can use a text based system. This feature is a powerful feature in Linux for network stability. Interoperability features of Fedora 12 with Windows Within this task I used Fedora 12 instead of Ubuntu. Windows and Fedora belong to two different platforms. Therefore their mechanisms are different. That is why the feature interoperability is needed. Interoperability can be defined as the ability to work with each other. In order to exchange messages between each different platform reliably without any errors or misunderstandings, there should have a common background between each platform. Likewise Windows and Linux (or Fedora 12) also has that kind of common grounds that support for exchange messages between each platform. Samba Samba can be defined as a re-implementation of SMB/CIFS networking protocols. It was developed by Australian Andrew Tridgell. It provides various facilities for file and printer sharing between Windows, UNIX and UNIX like systems such as Linux, Solaris, AIX, and Apples Mac OS X server systems. Samba runs on most systems and now it has become a standard of most of the distributions of Linux (such as Fedora, Redhat, Mandriva, Suse and etc). When we need to share files and printers between different platforms such as Windows and Fedora, we should have to configure Samba. That is how we make interoperability between each platform. DHCP DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a protocol used for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With a dynamic addressing, a device can have a different IP addresses every time it connects to the network. Though some systems and devices are allow to change the IP addresses while it is still connected, DHCP also supports a mix of static and dynamic IP addresses. DHCP simplifies the network administration because the DHCP server keeps the track of IP addresses rather than requiring an administrator to manage the task. I consider that the DHCP is also an interoperability feature because it can assign IP addresses to any platform such as Windows and Fedora. When a LAN network has a mixture of a Windows and Linux based computers, DHCP can assign IP addresses to all computers without a barrier of the platform. X Windows System The X Windows system is a windowing graphical user interface that almost, but completely, entirely unlike Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh. This X Windows System is an open, client/server system that for managing a windowed graphical user interfaces in distributed network. Earlier UNIX based systems used Shell as an interface. Shell is an inbuilt special program that allows users to enter commands in a CLI or Command Line Interface. But the new versions of UNIX-like systems heavily use X Windows as a Windows like graphical user interface. Earlier it was very difficult to work with Windows and Linux through CLIs. Because of Window was completely GUI (Graphical User Interface) and Linux was completely CLI. But now the new distributions of Linux come with the X-Windows capability. Therefore now the both systems can work more reliably and easily as a whole. X Windows is also an interoperability feature that is provided by Fedora 12 in order to work with windows systems much easily. TCP/IP TCP/IP shorts for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. Generally it is a protocol suit that is used for the internet. It provides easy communication across different platforms and provide basis for the global internet. And also it can be defined as a basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or extranet). When we set up with direct access to internet, our computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that we may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP. In an intranet there may have computers with different platforms such as Windows and Linux. But using TCP/IP protocol we can connect these computers. Both Windows and Linux distributions support for TCP/IP. Therefore it can also be considered as an interoperability feature of Windows and Linux. DNS DNS is Short for Domain Name System. DNS is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, theyre easier to remember. The internet is based on IP addresses. Every time when we use a domain name, DNS server must translate the name into the particular IP address. In intranets also some organizations use DNS servers to name their network computers. Though it is a Windows based computer or a Linux system, it carries out its task perfectly. Because DNS also has a interoperability feature to work with different platforms. Enumerate the cost associated with the Performance, Security,Support and Maintenance of Fedora 12 within the Bank. For this Task I used Fedora 12 instead of using Ubuntu. Because Ubuntu do not have an inbuilt a Samba server facilities and it should be downloaded as a third party tool. But Fedora 12 has those facilities for printer and file sharing. Performance Performance is a vital part of a network. The efficiency of a network depends on the hardware and software performance. To the banks network I used one of the distributions of Linux called Fedora 12 as the NOS (Network Operating System). Generally Linux based operating systems are lightweight and need low performances. As the other distributions of Linux, Fedora 12 is also a lightweight operating system that requires low performance hardware. Bank is a place where many transactions are taken place every second across their branches and other networks. Therefore the banks network should be stable and reliable. Due to these reasons a bank should use trusted and reliable hardware and software in order to increase their network performances. Usually the costs of network devices are relatively high in the modern market. And also the network operating systems like Windows are extremely expensive. Therefore by using a free and open source OS like Fedora 12 we can reduce the money wastage. Further it does not need high performance computers for installation and does not consume lots of hard disk space like Windows does. Fedora 12 provides online updations and does not have a limit on installation. One copy of Windows can be installed to a one computer only. Otherwise we have to buy license. But Fedora 12 can be installed to any number of computers without any limitations. According to those above reasons I think that Fedora 12 provides good performances and also it is more cost effective when comparing with Windows. Security Security is a key requirement of a network. Otherwise anyone and any malware can attack and theft the important information from the network. Therefore OS (Network Operating System) developers try to increase OSs security features. If theres no security within an OS, then it is totally fails. Fedora 12 is a distribution of Linux and it is categorized as Free and Open Source Software. Linux based systems and their source codes are freely available to anyone and can be modified as required. Fedora 12 has also been developed by many programmers all over the world and it is a strong operating system. But windows based systems are commercial OSs and they do not publish their source code to the public. Therefore it is developed by limited programmers and there security is also limited. That is why we need third party security tools to protect windows based systems. The third party trusted and reliable Anti-Virus guards or third party security systems are more expensive and it is an additional cost to the windows based systems. But Fedora 12 has a strong in-built security mechanism (but Windows dont have) such as DPI (Data Packet Inspection) and ISD (Intrusion Detection System). Because it is developed by many programmers all over the world. Therefore it doesnt need any third party virus guards. The cost for additional security efforts has reduced in Fedora 12. Therefore Fedora 12 is a cost effective operating system when comparing with Windows. And also it is the best choice for a cost effective banks network system. Support Computer operating systems and other software are not 100% perfect. That is why the manufactures provide support for their products. When a problem is taken place in a system, we can get the manufacturers support to solve the problem. And also manufactures provide patches and other updations to reduce the vulnerabilities of their products. Microsoft Windows also provide free updations and online support for their products after they are purchased. Though Windows provides free online support services for their products without any payments, Fedora and other Linux based operating systems do not provide free support services. If we need to get a support from Linux based system, we should pay some amount of money for their service. But they provide 24 hours update service for their products. In Fedora should have to pay for their services. Though the support service is not cost effective for the bank, the OS is totally free for download. Maintenance After installation and Configuration every computer system need to be well maintained. Windows systems are much easy to maintain because it doesnt need well trained persons (compared with Linux). But Linux systems are more complex and cannot install, configure and maintain if theres no knowledge of it. In order to maintain the Fedora system in the bank, the bank needs a well trained personnel or network administrator. Anyone cannot maintain a Linux system; therefore the cost of a Linux based network system administrator is higher when comparing with a Windows Network System Administrator. Manufactures support is always need for system maintenance. But we need to buy the service advices in Fedora form its manufacture. TASK 02 Research and produce a comprehensive project plan for the implementation of a VPN within the company. This should include the following: A brief overview of current VPN technologies (both hardware and software). Design a suitable VPN using appropriate Internet Service Providers (IPS) for the requirements of the bank. Identify and list the hardware and software required to implement the banks VPN. Produce a schedule for the implementation of the VPN, detailing the installation of any necessary hardware, network operating system upgrades and associated applications software required. Write a section of the report on the responsibilities and level of service required from an ISP in order to implement a successful VPN within the company. Answers Although the topic VPN or a Virtual Private Network is a much complex subject in networking field, the basic idea of a VPN is quite simple. A corporation may have a number of officers (or group of officers) in different locations, and each of these locations can have its own local network. In many corporations there are many employees working remotely by connecting to the corporations local network at home or on the road. And also business partners can join together in extranets to share business information. Interconnecting these separate networks and locations over a public network is called a VPN or a Virtual Private Network. The apparent simplicity of VPN makes us think that it is a simple concept. But there is an ever-increasing number of VPN types, and a huge range of technologies for implementing VPNs are available today. This makes us easy to decide the most appropriate VPN solution for our need. The most common way to interconnect sites has been to use ATM or Frame Relay (FR) leased lines supplied by a service provider. The following parts of this task describe the VPN technologies, cost effective hardware and software solutions and responsibilities and level of services required from the ISP (Internet Service Provider). VPN Technologies As I mentioned above, VPN is a complex subject in networking. Therefore different sort of VPN technologies are introduced for different purposes. These technologies provide secure and cost effective solutions for telecommuters, home based workers, road warriors, remote sales people, mobile executives and also for global business. Within this task I expect to provide a short description about the current VPN technologies that are widely used today. I divide these technologies into two major parts such as Hardware Technologies and Software Technologies. According to my perception, I believe that the VPN protocols that are used to establish a VPN connection should also be a part of the software technologies. Because these protocols are created by using specialized algorithms and programming languages. Therefore I consider those protocols as Software Technologies within this task. Software Technologies PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) and L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) protocol technologies are heavily based on this PPP (Point-to-Point protocol) technology. PPP was designed to send data across dial-up or dedicated connections. PPP technology is used to encapsulate IP packets within PPP frames and then transmits the encapsulated packets across a point-to-point link. PPP was specially designed to use between dial-up clients and NASs (Network Attached Storage). PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) PPTP is one of VPNs first protocols built on PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) to provide remote access for VPN solutions. PPTP technology encapsulates PPP frames in IP datagrams using GRE or Generic Routing Protocol. PPTP uses authentication techniques within PPP. PPTP can be used for remote access and router-to-router VPN connections. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connection for tunnel management and GRE for encapsulation. L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) L2F was designed to transmit data from corporate sites to their users by using tunnels. This protocol or VPN technology was first implemented in CISCO products. L2F doesnt depend on IP and its the only way that it differs from PPTP. This protocol accepts other authentication mechanisms and allows tunnels to support more than one connection. L2F uses PPP for authenticate the remote user and its done twice at the ISP and then the second at the gateway to the connecting LAN. This is a Layer-2 protocol and handles IPX and NetBEUI as well. L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol) L2TP is a combination of L2F and PPTP and it exists in the second layer of the OSI reference model. That is why it named as Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol. L2TP is defied for packet media, Frame relay, ATM and X.25. It has its own tunneling protocol and uses PPPs PAP and other advanced mechanisms for authentication. Its encryption method is based on IPSec (Internet Protocol Security). IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) IPSec is a solution for VPN security and it exists in the third layer of the OSI reference model. IPSec uses number of encryption technologies to provide confidentiality and integrity of data. IPSec allows senders to authenticate and encrypt each packet. There are two modes of IPSec such as Transport mode and Tunnel mode. These two modes depend on the situation of security and traffic. Transport mode authenticates and encrypts the transport segment of an IP packet, and tunnel mode authenticates and encrypts the whole IP packet. VPN Client Software VPN Client software provides protected access to corporate resources via wireless, broadband, and dial-up connections with robust encryption and broad support across multiple connection types. Most of the modern VPN software simplifies the configurations of security policies and management of certificates through its graphical user interface. Microsoft, Netgear, Stone Gate and CISCO are some popular manufactures for VPN client software (But each of these manufactures use different sort of technologies to implement these VPN client software). Hardware Technologies VPN Router In network communication, data are transferred in the form of packets. Usually a router is a hardware device or a computer that looks at the IP packets and decides how to forward it. Routers operate at the network layer of the OSI reference model and that is used to connect networks or connect the networks to the internet. When a packet is received from the NIC (Network Interface Card) card, the router reads the IP address on the packet and forwards it to the appropriate network interface. The packet forwarding depends on the IP address and routing information that contains in the packet header. Even if the network architecture differs, the router has the capability to connect them. Though it can connect different network architectures, I cannot transform data from one data format to another (TCP/IP to IPX/SPX). Software for VPN router functions or normal router functions can be added to a server or a specialized computer that is optimized for communication. VPN Concentrator VPN Concentrator is a device that is used to combine several communications channels into one. And also it is further used to tie multiple terminals together into one line. Although a device called Multiplexor carries out the same function as VPN concentrator, the total bandwidth of the concentrators inputs is not equals to its outputs. The concentrator has the ability to store data temporary but the multiplexor does not have this ability. An Ethernet hub, which is a multiport repeater, is sometimes called as a concentrator. VPN Gateway Although a VPN Gateway can be implemented as both Hardware and Software, I consider this as a hardware technology because for the ease of categorization. VPN Gateway is a device (can be a Hardware/Software) that is used to convert packets from one network protocol to another. Gateway acts as an entry and exit point of data where some kind of processing is done on the information that passes through it. Sometimes the VPN Gateway also called as a router or Layer 3 Switch. Gateway is a device that is used to join two networks together. It can be implemented completely in hardware, completely in software or as a combination of both. VPN Firewalls Firewall can be implemented as both hardware and software or as a combination of both. But I included VPN Firewalls in the VPN Hardware category because for the ease of categorization. Network security is a major need of an organization. Firewall is one such solution that allows the computer to prevent unauthorized access of any application on the computer. Firewalls monitor traffic in the computer or the network. This monitoring can be done by the software in the computer or router. When using a VPN in an organization, the organization has a great requirement of using a firewall solution. Because of there may have a possibility of unauthorized access to the organizations confidential information. By using VPN firewall technology we can reduce the outside threats. Even though the above technologies directly look like just software and hardware, they all have a complex technology encapsulated within them. The above VPN technologies are widely used within the modern VPNs. Description of Banks VPN Due to the requirements of the bank I designed a VPN that provides cost effective networking solutions. The bank needs their agents and branches to connect to the banks network secure through VPN. Therefore I designed a network that provides the above facilities. When designing the banks network I assumed that the particular bank is the head office and the agent is another organization. Although the bank may have many agents and branches, Ive mentioned only one agent and a one branch within this network overview. Banks head office is the place where many of the confidential information about the transactions are stored. Therefore its network should be more secure than any other else. According to my VPN design I connected the banks network to the internet through an ISP (Internet Service Provider) in order to get the VPN access. The bank connects with the ISP directly using a VPN Router (this router is highly configured and cannot be accessed by the unauthorized VPN clients). Then I added a DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) in order to secure the LAN network from the unauthorized access. If the File server was implemented within the DMZ, it may vulnerable to the threats and there may have a possibility of information thefts. Therefore I implemented the File Server far away from the DMZ and its secured with two highly configured firewalls. Though someone can get into the DMZ in order to access the Web Server, he/she cannot penetrate the other firewall without proper authenticate information. All the co mputers within the Banks network can access the WEB server and File server according to their assigned privileges. Other agents and branches have rights to access the banks network (using Router to Router connection). Even though the VPN Routers and Firewalls (Hardware) are much expensive, they provide a great security to the Bank network. In order to reduce the software cost I recommend free and open source software for both servers and clients such as Linux, Open Office and etc. Hardware and Software required to implement the banks VPN According to my VPN design I need several kinds of software and hardware to implement the network. Therefore Ive chosen some products to which supports for VPN. Some products are little bit expensive but provide high security and reliable service to the banks network. When choosing the software to the network implementation, Ive chosen some widely needed software. Hardware VPN Router SMC Barricade VPN BR21VPN Router SMCBR21VPN The Barricade router which has built-in VPN support is an ideal networking solution for VPN. This router consists of load balancing WAN ports, DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) port and a 10/100 LAN port. It has a built in firewall to protect the network from the edge. This router supports protocols such as TCP/IP, VPN connections with PPTP and IPSec. The in-built firewall provides a great protection against DOS attacks (Denial of Service attacks) and also it provides flexible Access Control. This router has the ability to access remote corporate network securely through an authenticated and encrypted tunnel over the internet. Switch NetGear Pro-Safe switch is suitable for high-speed network on a small scale. This switch consists of five auto-speed-sensing 10/100/1000 Mbps UTP ports. And also this it has the capability to handle huge workloads (this feature is more useful because of the Web Server is connected to this switch within my VPN design). This switch can move large files across the network instantly and let devices to connect to the network painlessly. The metal chassis protects the interior working parts from physical damages. Hub Cisco FastHub 424 Ethernet Hub (WS-C424M) The CISCO FastHub 424 10/100 of high-performance Fast Ethernet repeaters deliver unmatched flexibility and low-cost managed connectivity to the desktop. The FastHub 424 10/100 provides ultra low-cost 10/100 autosensing desktop connectivity where dedicated bandwidth is not required. The FastHub 424 will be deployed as a high-performance solution for providing 10/100 Fast Ethernet connectivity to the desktop. This hub provides dedicated connections over extended distance (up to 2Kms) to upstream switches or routers. Firewall NetGear ProSafe FVS338 Firewall supports for 50 VPN Tunnels for Encrypted Remote Access. This VPN firewall with 8 Port 10/100 switch and Dial Back-up is an SNMP-Manageable, High Performance network solution that furnishes multidimensional security. Broadband capable VPN firewall comes with connection ins